National and International Representative Bodies. In the State consultative bodies and the social insurance institutions (Superior Councils of Emigration, Public Assistance, Co-operation, National Accident Insurance Committee, Social Insurance Committee, etc.), the Government has replaced th~ representatives of the free workers' organisations by delegates from the Fascist Corporations, or has placed the _former in a minority. In the Conferences of the International Labour Office at Geneva., the Government has withdrawn the workers' representative formerly nominated by the General Confederation of Labour, and replacea him by a representative of the Fascist Corporations, which are mixed bodies containing representatives of workers and employers. Arbitrary Disrnissals. Under a series of decrees the State· has set the example of discharging workers without any guarantee as to selection or procedure, or of investigation and opportunity for defence. (Decrees Nos. 87, January 25, ·1923; 143 and 153, January 28; 945, April 14, for State-employees; 2046, September 24, for employees of tramway and railway companies; 1177, May 27, for employees of local authorities.) All these decrees exclude the workers from selfdefence against illegality through recourse to the C,ouncil of State, which has been the normal recourse at all times against administrative injustice. In the case of railway companies, the decree allows appeal to the Minister of Public Works, whose decision is final ; but only ten days is allowed for the presentation of the case to the Ministry, a time limit which in most cases renders the appeal impossible. In the Government paper-money printing works at 1"urin, the regulations have been modified by imposing immediate discharge, without any sort of recompense for long years of service, as a punishment for the entirely new offences of "notorious 'subversivism ', anticonstitutionalism, or anti-patriotism" ! The same 39 Biblioteca Gino Bianco
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