have even been employed against employers. For instance, the Fascist Federation of the Bolognese re5olved "to proceed Fascistically against the nonfulfilment oI their engagements by the employers'·' (June 30, 1923) ; and in execution of the resolution Count Malvasia-Torelli di Sasso was .beaten. But behind these sanctions for non-fulnlment of engagements, there was something more than usual ; to wit, a refusal to adhere or give contributions to Fascism ! The Fascist paper, "Ora," of Pesaro, published this communication on September 22 : ''Certain owners have offered us sums which, in proportion to the capital which Fascism has safeguarded for them, are no more· than one-millionth per cent. In view, therefore, o'f the fact that the past system of collection of funds has yielded us nothing, I warn all owners in the Province of Pesaro and U rhino that I shall tax them in proportion to their capital, in such a way as definitely to systematise the financial situation o'f Fascism in our province." Co-ope'fatives. The non-Fascist Co-operatives have been destroyed or compelled to accept Fascist intervention. This is admitted in so many words : ''We will repeat once more : The Co-operatives which have been burnt down have been well burnt down, for only in this way was it possible definitely to make sure that elements in the co-operative movement were not serving as blind tools of an anti-national politica~ party.'' (Postiglione, head of the Fascist Co-operatives, September 12, 1923.) And, for example, Mussolini's paper, the "Popolo d 'Italia,'-' reports: "Bollate, December 15. An agreement has been arrived at, in the following terms : The managing body of the Co-operative to be dismissed, and a meeting to be called for the appointment of fresh managers, to be approved by the Fascio" (the local Fascist political organisation) . The Prefects and the authorities have intervened 34 Biblioteca Gino Bianco
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