one which best fulfills this requirement - can be attained in the small enterprise. The large enterprise, on the contrary, is seen as a residua! form because of its highly equivocai features and because of the impossibility of entrepreneurial behaviour being carried on within it free from political conditioning. In the medium-size enterprise the author discerns a ccmplex organization which can execute diffuse, but not mass, needs, in wich self-management is feasible by means of originai organizational forms based on negotiations between the various categories of roles which co-exist within it. ELIZALDE - The beginnings of a process of political democratisation in Spain, altogether with a quick reorganisation of social forces with Jibertarian aims, created hopes for self-management achievements which those forces could undertake. There is an obvious historical reason for such hopes: revolutionary collectives during Spanish civil war (1936-39) are aptly considered as one of the highest actual (as opposed to sheer pretences) achievements of workers participation, and also of community locai self-management, in a XXth. century political system. , With a new parliamentary regimen in the piace of the military dictatorship imposed after the civil war through nazi-fascist hacking, and now in an urbanised and industriai Spain, the old roots are indeed greening again, and their fruits are diverse and polemic. We can differentiate, in present debates on self-management in Spain, at least four specific positions: a) politica! socialism. with different shades according to different parties, which aim to contro! a union movement « from above », and which use self-management ideas for electoral purposes; b) the old anarcho-syndicalism, today marginai after a promising initial reorganisation, but nevertheless linked to strong self-management and shopfloor-councillist trends created in the popular and workers movements during underground anti-fascist times; c) a cooperative movement very wide, on apolitical basis, which tries presently to find its own principles in the transition from dictatorship to democracy featured by bankruptcy of many enterprises and workers' will to find alternatives both to state socialism and to private capitalism; d) severa! autonomous, youth and counter-cultural groups, selfmarginated froqi demrocracy through growing politica! abstention, but also rejecting productivism, either unionist or cooperative, and searching for new forms of entire-self-liberation based on ecologist postindustriai views. The point of this paper is that the last position is the one nearest to propose authentic self-management alternatives. JOYEUX - The concept of self-management, at one time considered subversive and a threat to the maintenance of law and order, has now been recuperated by the system and transformed into a Myth which is utilised, along with other ones, for the manipulation of people's consciousness by those who hold power. In France, in the space of only ten years, all the large parties of the left and union organisations have abandoned their attitude of 236
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