was one of the political expresst6ns o/ a rising netb class: techn(>.. bureaucracy. Beyond the violent and folklorist patterns which characterize fascism, one finds that it shares essential factors in common with other political forms of the same phenomenon (such as Social Democracy and the New Deal). These factors reveal it to be an ideology and a transitional stage in the historical phase of capitalistic decline and in the growth of a new form of domination and exploitation. The author does not deny that large scale capital has allied with fascism, but he makes it plain that precisely i.t was an alliance --not a subordination. When the numerous and ever-growing forms of intervention of the fascist State in the economy are studied .systematically, the conclusion forces itself that fascism embodied enough non-capitalist or even squarely anticapitalistic elements not to be identified with the bourgeoisie. Indeed, just as the stattst system of participation starts with the rescue of capitalistic enterprises in trouble and ends with their expropriation, in a more general way the new technobureaucratic class (which manifests itself in certain periods and in certain geo-political conditions of fascism) started by being used as the counter-revolutionary tool for the rescue of capitalistic crisis, and then showed a more or less conscious tendency to become instrumental in the progressive expropriation of I he bourgeoisie from its economic power in favor of new masters. Besides this key interpretation, the author briefly deals with various aspects of fascist ideology, the relations between the regime and ; he middle classes and the manipulation of public opinion. Resumen Se ha escrito mucho sobre el fascismo -JI sobre el naztsmo-, pero las interpretaciones de este fen6meno no son satisfactorias. Los juicios respecto al fascismo, st no se ltmitan stmplemente a su brutalidad o a su mitologia -el fascismo como barbarie, como irracionalidad- son en general variaciones sobre el tema marxtsta del fascismo «instrumento contrarrevolucionario de la burguesta». Sin duda el fascismo es tambien eso, pero reducirlo solamente a eso o esencialmente a eso no resulta convincente. Un exa,men sin prejuicios de la politica econ6mica fascista, es decir, de la elecci6n de las «estructuras» invaltda, en el conjunto, esta interpretaci6n corriente. El autor de este ensayo se entrega a un examen semejante, en un esfuerzo de comprensi6n de la verdadera naturaleza de clase del fasctsmo. El autor analiza la economia fascista en sus elementos fundamentales y en la tendencia de su dinamica, refirtendose en permanencia a Italia pero astmismo al nazismo aleman. Y termina concluyendo que ei fascismo es una de las expresiones poltticas -entre las dos guerras- de una nueva clase dirigente en ascenso: la tecnoburocracia. Al mismo tiempo que otras formas poltticas del mtsmo fen6meno ---por ejemplo, la socialdemocracia y el New Deal-, el fascismo pre-- senta al igual que ellas, por encima de los aspectos de violencia o folklore que lo han caracterizado, elementos comunes esenctales qu.e 84
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